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【转】寄存器、锁存器和缓冲器

1.1 寄存器
  在实际的数字系统中,通常把能够用来存储一组二进制代码的同步时序逻辑电路称为寄存器.由于触发器内有记忆功能,因此利用触发器可以方便地构成寄存器。由于一个触发器能够存储一位二进制码,所以把n个触发器的时钟端口连接起来就能构成一个存储n位二进制码的寄存器。

1.2 锁存器
       由若干个钟控D触发器构成的一次能存储多位二进制代码的时序逻辑电路。数据有效迟后于时钟信号有效。这意味着时钟信号先到,数据信号后到。在某些运算器电路中有时采用锁存器作为数据暂存器。

1.3 缓冲器
        缓冲器相当于一个寄存器,暂时保存数据.缓冲是用来在两种不同速度的设备之间传输信息时平滑传输过程的常用手段。除了在关键的地方采用少量硬件缓冲器之外,大都采用软件缓冲。软件缓冲区是指在I/O操作期间用来临时存放输入/输出数据的一块存储区域。在操作系统中,引入缓冲的主要原因如:
   缓和CPU与l/0设备间速度不匹配的矛盾。一般情况下,程序的运行过程是时而进行计算,时而进行输入或输出。以输出为例,如果没有缓冲,则程序在输出时,必然由于打印机的速度跟不上而使CPU停下来等待;然而在计算阶段,打印机又无事可做。如果设置一个缓冲区,程序可以将待输出的数据先输出到缓冲区中,然后继续执行;而打印机则可以从缓冲区取出数据慢慢打印。


1.4 寄存器和锁存器的区别
(1)寄存器是同步时钟控制,而锁存器是电位信号控制。

(2)寄存器的输出端平时不随输入端的变化而变化,只有在时钟有效时才将输入端的数据送输出端(打入寄存器),而锁存器的输出端平时总随输入端变化而变化,只有当锁存器信号到达时,才将输出端的状态锁存起来,使其不再随输入端的变化而变化
     可见,寄存器和锁存器具有不同的应用场合,取决于控制方式以及控制信号和数据之间的时间关系:若数据有效一定滞后于控制信号有效,则只能使用锁;数据提前于控制信号而到达并且要求同步操作,则可用寄存器来存放数据。

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