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【转】fcntl文件锁详解

fcntl文件锁有两种类型:建议性锁强制性锁

    建议性锁是这样规定的:每个使用上锁文件的进程都要检查是否有锁存在,当然还得尊重已有的锁。内核和系统总体上都坚持不使用建议性锁,它们依靠程序员遵守这个规定。

    强制性锁是由内核执行的。当文件被上锁来进行写入操作时,在锁定该文件的进程释放该锁之前,内核会阻止任何对该文件的读或写访问,每次读或写访问都得检查锁是否存在。

    系统默认fcntl都是建议性锁,强制性锁是非POSIX标准的。如果要使用强制性锁,要使整个系统可以使用强制性锁,那么得需要重新挂载文件系统,mount使用参数 -0 mand打开强制性锁,或者关闭已加锁文件的组执行权限并且打开该文件的set-GID权限位。
    建议性锁只在cooperating processes之间才有用,对cooperating process的理解是最重要的,它指的是会影响其它进程的进程或被别的进程所影响的进程,举两个例子:(1)我们可以同时在两个窗口中运行同一个命令,对同一个文件进行操作,那么这两个进程就是cooperating processes;(2)cat file| sort,那么cat和sort产生的进程就是使用了pipe的cooperating processes。
    使用fcntl文件锁进行I/O操作必须小心:进程在开始任何I/O操作前如何去处理锁,在对文件解锁前如何完成所有的操作,是必须考虑的。如果在设置锁之前打开文件,或者读取该锁之后关闭文件,另一个进程就可能在上锁/解锁操作和打开/关闭操作之间的几分之一秒内访问该文件。当一个进程对文件加锁后,无论它是否释放所加的锁,只要文件关闭,内核都会自动释放加在文件上的建议性锁(这也是建议性锁和强制性锁的最大区别),所以不要想设置建议性锁来达到永久不让别的进程访问文件的目的(强制性锁才可以)^_^;强制性锁则对所有进程起作用。

     fcntl使用三个参数 F_SETLK /F_SETLKW,F_UNLCK和F_GETLK,来分别要求、释放、测试record locks,record locks是对文件一部分而不是整个文件的锁,这种细致的控制使得进程更好地协作以共享文件资源。fcntl能够用于读取锁和写入锁,read lock也叫shared lock(共享锁),因为多个cooperating process能够在文件的同一部分建立读取锁;write lock被称为exclusive lock(排斥锁),因为任何时刻只能有一个cooperating process在文件的某部分上建立写入锁。如果cooperating processes对文件进行操作,那么它们可以同时对文件加read lock,在一个cooperating process加write lock之前,必须释放别的cooperating process加在该文件的read lock和wrtie lock,也就是说,对于文件只能有一个write lock存在,read lock和wrtie lock不能共存。

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